Module 9 - Architecture

OVERVIEW

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and spaces for human use. Architectural design in itself is an art form realized through considerations of spatial design and aesthetics. Related to sculpture, architecture creates three-dimensional objects that occupy a given space and create a visual relationship with the space around them. The differences between the sculpture and architecture are in their scale and utility. Early human structures provided shelter from the elements. As hunter- gatherer societies transitioned to farming they made more permanent shelters, eventually formed communities, towns and cities. For thousands of years, architecture reflected the specific environment and materials available in any given region, including rock caves or huts of wood, soil and brick. Many were assemblages of materials like grasses, leaves and animal hides. Nomadic peoples still utilize these materials.

Turkman woman standing at the entry to a grass and hide covered yurt.
Collection of the Library of Congress Prints and Images File.
Image in the public domain.

In simple design terms, architecture adheres to the dictum that “form follows function”. Architecture’s function reflects different human needs. For example, warehouses take the shape of large squares or rectangles because they need only to enclose a space that protects and stores products and materials in the most efficient manner. A home is designed with other functions in mind, including cooking, resting, cleaning and entertaining. So the interior design of a home includes specialized areas for these different functions. A church or school design would have their own set of spatial requirements because they provide for large groups of people at once.

Architecture solves problems concerning the use of space, interior design and the landscape that surrounds it. The limitations imposed on architecture by the laws of physics are solved to a large extent by engineering. The greatest limitations on design are the physical loads exerted by a structure’s weight.Compression loads refer to vertical weight and shear loads travel at an angle or horizontally. Buildings need stable foundations and framing systems that support the spanning of open space.

This module explores the history of architecture and its relation to visual art. The topics covered in this module include:

Traditional Methods and Materials
Architecture in China and the Far East
Cross-Cultural Influences
Architecture and the Industrial Revolution
Modern Architecture: A New Language
Post Modern and Contemporary Architecture
Green Architecture

OBJECTIVES

Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

Discuss architecture’s significance to shelter and habitat
Describe the traditional and modern styles of architecture
Explain architectural materials and structural systems
Describe architecture as a reflection of culture
Demonstrate familiarity with symbolic uses of architecture
Discuss new technologies and ‘green’ adaptations in architectural design